Scholarship Essay Essays (266 words) - Central Processing Unit

Scholarship Essay No greater contribution can be made to a specific field than research that leads to the development of a new and superior technology. Universities and businesses constantly attempt to remain on the cutting edge of new design, manufacturing, and application systems through research and development. If I were given the opportunity to conduct my own research, I would dedicate my efforts to the design of computer processing chips with the goal of increasing their speed and computational ability. It is now possible to construct memory chips almost atom by atom, allowing for nearly infinite circuitry capacity. My research would attempt to design a chip that could process data faster, and with more accuracy, than is presently possible. This chip could then handle more complex software, process data from CD's, and handle Internet applications at a faster rate, allowing for equalization with the increase in speed of CD ROM drives and modems. The procedure for this research would entail first learning as much as possible about the design of present chips, the specific materials that I might want to include as conductors, and which metals are easiest to manipulate. Next I would lay out the chip and attempt to construct it with existing technology. Finally, I would need to test it in an effort to make modifications and improvements in the original design. The computer age presents wonderful opportunities, and any research that promotes the facile use of PC or network systems will help advance this cause. For this reason, I would dedicate my year of research to improvements in the design of central processing units.

Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Essay Example

Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Essay Example Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Paper Directors notes and stage instructions for An Inspector Calls Paper Firstly, we have the Stage Instructions to consider. Throughout the play, there is no mention of Inspector Gooles physical appearance except in the first set of stage instructions when he enters the Birlings house. He is said to need not be a big man but he creates at once an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. As for his age, he is a man in his fifties, dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period. There is no mention of any distinctive features to define him so already, an air of mystery has been created about this so-called inspector. For me, his massiveness, solidity and purposefulness and his name Goole build up a feeling of fear and this first set of instructions lead me to believe that he could be in the form of a ghost returning to teach the Birlings a lesson about responsibility. An additional example of this, is when Inspector Goole is talking to Mr. and Mrs. Birling (and occasionally Gerald) Priestley has added in instructions so that Goole speaks to them savagely and severely, which indicates he has less patience and is not as forgiving with them as he is with the children, Eric and Sheila. I think this shows the possibility of Inspector Goole taking on the role of Priestley himself because the point of this drama is to portray a certain message. To be able to portray this message he has to make everyone accept their responsibilities which is more difficult with the older generation, therefore Goole begins to lose his patience with them. Another important issue is the way in which Priestley has structured the play. As Inspector Goole is questioning the members of the household, Priestley has made sure it is obvious that there is a certain order in which they must questioned. When Gerald asks to see the picture the inspector says, hold on, your time will come and one line of inquiry at a time This shows he has already planned out whom he will speak to first and last and what information he will have. Due to the fact he already knows that each of them holds a key to Eva Smiths death, it is likely he could be a time traveller travelling back in time to punish the Birlings and make them realize the consequences of their actions. The dialogue from the other characters also helps us to comprehend the role of Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls. I especially think this is achieved by Mrs. Birlings views on Eva Smith towards the end of the play, she thinks of Miss Smith a an impertinent child and apparently. was giving herself ridiculous airs that were simply absurd for a child in her position. This signifies that Mrs. Birling does not think highly of the girl and bearing in mind the social and historical context of this play, written in 1946 and set in 1912,we know that there were very definite divisions between the upper, middle and working-class so Mrs. Birling obviously sees herself as superior to Eva, hence her uncaring manner. This leads me to believe that the inspector could just be a device to portray the view that all people deserve to be treated fairly and equally, regardless as to what social background they come from. The Inspectors actions are equally as important when trying to comprehend his function in the play. Throughout the play, the inspector constantly pauses and looks at his watch or looks at the clock as if keeping a very close eye on the time, he is also able to predict when Eric will return, he checks his watch as the front doors slams shut. Furthermore, when he is showing Mr. Birling a picture of Eva Smith, the others advance to see it but the Inspector interposes himself between them and the photo. Not only are these actions unusual for a police inspector due to the abruptness and rudeness, but they are odd because of Inspector Gooles limitless knowledge as to when and where people will be, what information they will possess, and his increasing hastiness towards the end of the play to leave the house. This designates the fact that the inspector could again be either a time-traveller come to teach the Birlings a lesson on selfishness and equality or Priestley himself portraying his message to the audience. I think this because out of the possibilities, in my opinion, these are the only two that could acquire, or already know such extensive knowledge about Eva Smith. A further way in which Priestley helps us to understand the Inspectors role in the play is through the Inspectors own speech. When he first arrives at the Birlings house and throughout the rest of the play, Inspector Goole keeps referring to and describing Eva Smiths death in a distasteful manner, swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant, she was in great agony her position now is that she lies with a burnt-out inside on a slab. I think this is to create an atmosphere of guilt for the Birlings in the hope that they might seriously consider what part they could have played in this tragedy. From these quotations, we gather that it is unlikely Inspector Goole is a real police inspector due to the gruesome repetition of how Eva Smith died and so, to me, this indicates that the Inspector could be a close relation of Evas returning to seek his revenge. The questioning techniques used by Inspector Goole are also very important to help us understand his function in the play. He asks his questions very rapidly and directly, Where did you meet? What happened then? Was she drunk too? But you took her home again? These questions are pushing the story along and lead the characters into a trap so that they subconsciously confess to the Inspectors implications and confirm what he already knows. Also, when the inspector is asked how he has acquired all this information and whether he has spoken to Eva Smith, he replies, she told me nothing, I never spoke to her, and this seems very odd considering he knows so much about her life. However, earlier on in the play, he says it was from reading Evas diary but it would have to have been in intricate detail. These two points give the impression that Inspector Goole maybe omnipotent, so personally, I think this shows that he could either be a time-traveller or Priestley himself trying to convey the message that our own actions may have an effect on those around us as well.

Comparative Analysis of Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Analysis of Advertisements - Essay Example This essay reflects on the advertising strategies of these companies in terms of models and media employed, target audience, approaches to advertisements, consumers’ appeal, effectiveness of these strategies and congruent success in the market. The view of the essay is to employ a critical analysis approach in order to present a unique comparison and contrasting of the advertising approach of the two multinational companies. Additionally, the rhetorical presentation of the company’s products is analyzed within this paper in order to define the effectiveness of each of the company’s marketing communication images and messages. Both Pepsi and Coca-Cola present their brands in a very convincing manner. This is regardless of numerous differences in approach which are used by these two companies. More notable though is the rivalry and wars which evidently exist between these companies in their marketing and promotion projects, campaigns and advertisements (Behrooz 10) . The influence that the two companies impact on the market is based on the fact that they have laid large budgets for advertising their products. As a result, Pepsi and Coke adverts are common place. They frequently appear on television commercials, radio, billboards and at promotional events and campaigns such as sports sponsorship (Odell 1). Because of the approach that the companies have employed, their popularity has grown significantly within various markets and segments. Popularity of a company leads to a conviction within a customer or potential consumer that the company is authentic and as a result its products are superior and are of a high quality. It is arguable that both of these companies have attained this though at different levels. The advertisements of Coke and Pepsi have achieved different levels of influence on their target market. For example, Pepsi is leading within the youth market segment because of the youthful language, style, culture and images which it pr esents within its commercials (PR Newswire 1). On the other hand, Coke has attained more success in the market because of its strategy of targeting a wider market (Behrooz 5). The rhetoric that is expressed within the company’s marketing strategy is demonstrated by the fact that the companies placed insiders of each other’s advertising units to provide intelligence information for marketing strategy (Behrooz 12). Even though this approach reflects the height of market rivalry, it is evident that regardless of notable differences in marketing strategy, the commercials of these companies have been planned, designed and planned based on insider information that they steal from each other. The feelings and emotions that the consumers attain from the advertising strategies of these companies are very paramount even though it is achieved through different approaches. For example Pepsi initially relied upon celebrities, such as pop and film starts or cricket players, in its c ommercials (Behrooz 14). This was aimed at arousing feelings and emotions within the consumers especially those who were affiliated with film, pop music and sports. As a result Pepsi was able to connect the feelings of the consumers for stars and sports to the love for the Pepsi brand. This strategy is attributed to the increased performance of the company within the market. Coke also employs strategies of arousing feelings within

Human vs. Animals - Who Has The Power Research Paper

Human vs. Animals - Who Has The Power - Research Paper Example As discussed in the introductory paragraph, the planet of apes is divided into various sub-classes. Chimpanzees are considered suitable for research due to their intelligence, orangutans could take part in the administrative and religious affairs of the planet and gorillas were presented as the defenders. This segregation of class and roles is strictly observed by the inhabitants of the planet. This situation refers to the first segment of the movie where the astronauts were caught by the apes and were brutally treated. The captain of the flying shuttle was used for experimental purpose by a doctor. This segment defines the difference of class presented in the movie, as apes were dived into sub-classes and were allocated tasks according to their capabilities, while on the other hand humans were treated as sword fodders or lab rats.This could be referred to the turmoil situations of the early   twentieth century, when a law relating to racial discrimination had been passed. By the v irtue of which the white population of the country was segregated from the Afro-Americans of the country, referred to as Jim Crow’s law. It prohibited the black people to enter into any type of transaction with the white population, the taps for drinking water, toilets, hotels, restaurants, passenger seats and anything that could prove white superiority over the black had been segregated. The black population was considered to untouchable and the most down trodden part of the society, only jobs available for them were manual labor, as was the case with the humans in the movie. Law enforcement agencies treat convict of different races and castes differently, there was favoritism, nepotism, violence and hate by the supreme part of the society for the under-class, as the apes used to treat the humans in the movie.  

Making a truss adaptive to specific loading condition to save Essay

Making a truss adaptive to specific loading condition to save materials - Essay Example As the active and passive control methods improved the structures under dynamic loads, its requirement for the performance based design was of concern. The use of these systems helps in achieving these objectives optimally in civil engineering. In a passive structural control, the structures have been built from a thermal stable composite material. This system can be isolation systems, shear walls, viscosities dampers and tuned mass dampers. The tuned mass dampers could be used in chimneys, towers and bridges (Sinan Korkmaz, 2011); for example in the Citicorp central New York to control the first mode of vibration (Peterson, N.R., 1979). In the active control, a set of sensors and actuators connected by feedback is used (Berlin Heidelberg, 2011). The stiffness and the physical properties of the active systems can be changed due to the external stimuli so that structural response like the internal flow of forces can be manipulated as the deflections or the vibration are controlled and optimized. The active systems are striking choices to be able to retrofit or increase the strength of the current structure against strong winds, earthquake, water waves or any external force that affect the safety of the structure. The adaptive systems are related to development and manufacturing. There are different material systems designed as smart materials and currently available in a wide range such including ceramics, polymers and alloys (W Sobek and P Tueffel, 2013). As shown in the figure †¦ the sensors get the information and the control intelligence process the information getting from sensors and will feed into actuators. Every material, in principle, has been found to be responsive in a one-to-one relation. For instance, voltage is produced from an input pressure, or it can be produced from a triangulated piece of veneer that displaces the free tip depends on the level of

Mughal Empire Culture and Religion

Mughal Empire Culture and Religion After the decline of Hindu kingdom around 1000 AD, a number of Islamic invaders and merchants came and went but could not caste any significant impact on the cultural life of people. Most of the invaders were tribal kings from the clan Hun and Pathan whose main motive was to plunder the country, loot the property as much as they could. They had no ambition to establish an empire and that is why their cultural impact is insignificant. This could not remain for a long period. The Muslim empire was established with the first battle of Panipat in 1526 AD. Their after we find a continuous interaction between these two major distinct communities Hindus and Muslims. Muslims were the rulers and Hindus became the ruled. Hindus were employed in a number of jobs under their Muslim rulers. Continuous intermingling takes place between these two communities in the coming several centuries. Trade and Commerce: The middle Classes Nature and Standard of Living The middle classes in medieval India consisted in the main, merchants, professional classes such as vaidyas and hakims and officials. There was high degree of professionalism among the Indian merchants. Some specialized in wholesale trade and others in retail trade, the former being called seth or bohra and the latter beoparis or banik. In south India the chettis formed the trading community. There was a special class banjaras who specialized in carrying trade. The banjaras used to move from place to place, sometimes with thousands of oxen, laden with food grains, salt, ghee etc. The sarrafs (shroff) specialized in changing money, keeping money in deposit or landing it, or transmitting it from one part of the country to the other by means of hundi. The hundi was letter of credit payable after a certain period. The use of hundies made it easier to move goods or to transmit money from one part of the country to another. The hundies were cashed at a discount which sometimes included ins urance so that the cost of goods lost or destroyed in transit could be recovered. By these means the Indian merchants could easily ship goods to countries of west Asia as well as where there were Indian banking houses. English and Dutch traders who came to Gujarat during the 17th century found the Indian financial system to be highly developed and the Indian merchants to be active and alert. There was keen competition for inside information and whenever there was a shortage of some goods in some parts of the country it was made good quickly by the merchants. But this applied to goods of high quality. Food grains and bulk articles were costly to move overland but not so costly if moved by rivers. hence the major rivers carried much more goods in medieval times than now. However the total trade was limited since the villages, while not completely self sufficient, bought only a limited number of things from outside such as salt, iron and few consumer goods. Long distance trade generall y catered to needs of the affluent sections in the cities. The trading community in India was fairly large in number and included some of the richest merchants in the world. The names of virji or vohra who dominated the Surat trade for several decades and who had a large fleet of ships, Malaya Chetti on the Coromandal coasts, and Abdul Ghaffoor Bohra who left 85 lacks of rupees in cash and goods at the time of his death in 1718 are some of the noteworthy cases. There were many wealthy merchants in Agra, Delhi, Orissa and Bengal. The wealthy merchants in the costal ports of Gujarat lived in an ostentatious manner and aped the manners of the nobles. They lived in lofty houses with coloured tiles, wore fine clothes, rode well caparisoned horses and had people carrying flags and banners before them when they moved out in public. European travellers mentioned the commodious and well built houses in which the wealthy merchants of Agra and Delhi lived. But the ordinary sorts lived in houses above their shops. The French traveller Bernier, says that that the merchants tried to look poor because they were afraid they would be used like filled sponges that is squeezed of their wealth. But Sher Shah passed many laws for protecting the property of the merchants. The laws of Sher Shah are well known. Jahangirs ordinances included a provision that if any one, whether unbeliever or Musalman should die, his property and effects should be left for his heirs, and no one should interfere with them. If he should have no heirs, they should appoint inspectors and separate guardians to guard the property, so that it value might be expanded in a lawful expenditure, such as the building mosques and sarais, repair of broken bridged and digging of tanks and wells. Thus the concept of protection of private property, including the property of merchants clearly emerged. Organization of Trade and Commerce Role of European Trading Companies Trade and commerce expanded in India during the first half of the 17th century due to a number of factors. Perhaps the most important factor was the political integration of the country under Mughal rule and establishment of conditions of law and order extensive areas. The Mughals paid attention to roads and sarais which maid communication easier. Uniform tax was levied on goods at the points of their entry into the empire. Road cesses or rahdari was declared illegal though it was continued to be collected by some of the local rajas. The Mughals minted silver rupees of high purities which became a standard coin in India and abroad and thus help Indias trade. Another factor which helped Indias was the arrival of the Dutch and English traders towards the beginning of the 17th century. Ralph Fitch during Akbars reign, said Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were each larger then London. Montserrat says Lahore was second to none of the cities in Europe or Asia. The growth of town and town life is one of the significant features of 17th century India. The Indian traders welcomed the Dutch and the English because these traders helped them to break the Portuguese monopoly of sea trade, and in course of time, helped to establish a direct link between India and European markets. The Portuguese power have begun to decline during the second half of the 16th century, as was demonstrated by the defeat by the Spanish armada by England in 1588. The Portuguese remained at Goa and also at Daman and Diu. But their shares in overseas trade declined continuously and were insignificant by the end of the century. The British could not succeed in India as long as the Mughal empire was strong but it was not long incoming as soon as the weakness of the empire became manifest. Architecture There was an outburst of many sided cultural activates in India under the Mughal rule. The tradition in the field of architecture, painting, literature and music created during this period set a norm and deeply influenced the succeeding generations. In this sense, the Mughal period can be called a second classical age following the gupta age in northern India. In this cultural development Indian traditions were amalgamated with the Turko Iranian culture brought to the country by the Mughals. The Timurid court at Samarqand had developed as the cultural centre of west and central Asia. Babur was conscious of this cultural heritage. He was determined to set proper standards. The development of art and culture in various regions of India during the 14th and 15th centuries had held to rich and varied development from which it was possible to draw upon. The Mughals built magnificent forts, palaces, public buildings, mosques and baolis etc. They also led out many formal gardens with running water in fact use of running water in their palaces, resorts was the special feature of the Mughals. Babur was very fond of gardens and laid out few gardens in the neighbourhood of Agra and Lahore. Some of the Mughals gardens such as the Nishant Bagh in Kashmir. The Shalimar at Lahore and Pinjore etc have survived even to this day. We do not find the tradition of developing gardens in prior Hindu Kingdoms. It began with the Mughals and today is very much the part of Indian culture. Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who had the time to undertake construction on a large scale. He built a series of forts. The most famous of which is the fort of Agra. In 1572 he commenced a palace cumfort complex at Fatehpur Sikri. Build atop a hill, along with a large artificial lake; it included many buildings in the style of Gujarat and Bengal. The Gujarat style of architecture is used most widely in the palace built probably for his Rajput wife or wives. Akbar took a personal interest in the work of construction at both Agra and Fatehpur Sikri. Persian or central influence can be seen in the glazed blue tiles used for decorations in the walls or for tiling the roofs. The period of Shahjahan needs no mention. His period is the best period of architectural development. Mughal architectural traditions were based on a combination of Hindu and Turko Iranian forms and decorative designs continued without a break into the 18th and early 19th centuries. Thus Mughals traditions influence the palace and forts of many provincial and local kingdoms. Even the golden temple of the Sikhs at Amritsar which was rebuilt several times during this period was built on the arch and dome principle and incorporated many features of the Mughals traditions of architecture. Painting The Mughals made a distinctive contribution in the field of painting. They introduced new themes depicting the court, battle scenes and the chase, added new colours and forms. They created a living tradition of painting which continued to work in different parts of the country long after the glory of the Mughals disappeared. The richness of the style again, was due to the fact that India had an old tradition of paintings. While no palm leaves older than the 12th century have survived to indicate the style of painting, the wall painting of Ajanta are an eloquent indication of its vigour. After the 8th century, the tradition seems to have decayed, but palm leaf manuscripts and illustrated Jain text from the 13th century onwards so the tradition had not died. Apart from the Janis some of the provincial kingdoms, such as Malwa and Gujarat extended their patronage to painting during the 15th century. A vigorous revival of the painting culture began only under Akbar. During the reign of Akbar paintings were organized in one of the imperial establishments. From the beginning of both Hindus and Muslims joined in the work. Thus, Jaswant and Dasawan were two of the famous painters of the Akbars court. Apart from illustrating Persian books of fables, the painters were soon assigned the task of illustrating the Persian text of the Mahabharata, Akbar Nama and others. Indian themes and Indian scenes thus came in vogue and helped to free the school from Persian influence. Indian colours such as peacock blue, Indian red etc began to be used. Above all the somewhat flat effect of the Persian style began to be replaced by the roundedness of the Indian brush giving the pictures three dimensional effect. The Mughals reached the climax under Jahangir who had a very discriminating eye. While the tradition continued under Shahjahan, Aurangzebs lack of interest in painting led to a dispersal of the artist to different places. This helped in the development of painting in the states of Rajasthan and the Punjab hills. The Rajasthan style of painting combined the themes and earlier traditions of western India or Jain school of painting with Mughal forms and styles. Thus, in addition to hunting and court scenes it had paintings on mythological themes, such as the dalliance of Krishna and Radha, or the Barah masa, that is, the seasons or the Ragas (melodies). The Pahari School continued these traditions. Language, Literature and Music By the time of Akbar knowledge of Persian had become so wide spread in North India that he dispensed with the tradition of keeping revenue records in local language Hindavi in addition to Persian. Persian prose and poetry reached a climax under the Akbars reign. Abul Fazal was a great scholar and a stylist as well as the leading historian of the age, set a style of prose writing which was emulated for many generations. The leading poet of the age was his brother Faizi who also helped in the translation of the Mahabharata. Utbi and Naziri were the leading Persian poets. Though born in Persia they were among the many poets among the scholars who migrated from Iran to India during the period and made the Mughal court one of the cultural centres of the Islamic world. All though not much significant work was done in Sanskrit but number of Sanskrit works produced during this period is quite impressive. The dalliance of Krishna with Radha and the milk maids, pranks of the child Krishna and stories from Bhagawat figure largely lyrical poetry in Bengali, Oriya, Hindi, Rajasthani and Guajarati during this period. Both Muslims and Hindus contributed in this. A leading Mughal novel Abdur Rahim Khan I Khanan, produced a fine blend of bhakti poetry with Persian Ideas of life and human relations. But the most influential Hindi poet was Tulsidas who created Ramchritmanas in dialect of eastern u.p. During the Muslim reign Akbar patronised Tansen of Gwalior who is credited with composing new melodies (ragas). Jahangir and Shah Jahan as well as many Mughal nobles followed this example. There are many apocrvohal stories about the burial of music by the orthodox Aurangzeb. Recent studies show that Aurangzeb banished singing from his court, but not performance of musical instrument. In fact, Aurangzeb himself was an accomplished veena player. Music in all forms continued to be patronised by the Aurangzebs queens in the harem and by the nobles. That is why the largest number of books on classical Indian music was written during Aurangzebs reign. But some of the most important developments in the field of music took place later on in the eighteenth century during the reign of Muhammad Shah (1720-48). Religious Ideas and Beliefs The bhakti movement continued apace during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Sikh movement had its origin with the preaching of Nanak. But its development is closely linked with the institution of Guru ship. Akbar had been deeply impressed with the Sikh gurus, and it is said, visited them at Amritsar. However, a clash began with the imprisonment and death of Guru Arjun by Jahangir. Dara the eldest son of Shahjahan, was by temperament scholar and a Sufi who loved to discourse with religious divines with the help of Brahmins of Kasi he got the Gita translated into Persian. But his most significant work was an anthology of the Vedas in the introduction to which Dara declared the Vedas to be heavenly books in point of time and in conformity with holy Quran thus underlining the belief that there were no fundamental difference between Hinduism and Islam. Dadu a Gujarati poet preached a non sectarian path. He refused to identify either with Muslim or with Hindus. Among the Muslims too, while the trained of tauhid continued apace a were supported by many leading Sufi saints, a small group of orthodox Ulama reacted against it. But the influence of the orthodox thinkers and preachers was limited. Their chief hope was that their ideas would receive the support and the backing of those who held position of wealth and power in society and the state. On other hand the liberal thinkers made their appeal to the broad masses. The recurrent cycles of liberalism and orthodoxy in the Indian History should be seen against the situation which was routed in the structure of the Indian society. It was one aspect of the struggle between and entrenched privilege and power on the one hand and the egalitarian and humanistic aspirations of the mass of the people on the other. The prestige and influence of the narrow orthodox elements and their re assertion of the narrow ideas and beliefs was a barrier to the growing process of rapprochement and tolerance among the votaries of the to dominant religions, Hinduism and Islam, and Hindrance to the process of cultural integration. The clash between the two trends came to the surface during Aurangzebs reign. Conclusion The thousands years from the beginning of the 18th century to the end of the 17th century saw important changes in the political, economic and cultural life of the country and also, to a smaller extent, in its social life. In the field of social life, the caste system continued to dominate, despite the challenge posed to it by Islam and loss of political power by the Rajput rulers who were duty bound to protect dharma which implied, among other things, the upholding the fourfold division of society(varnashrama dharma). Although the Nath Panthi Jogis and the Bhakti saints vehemently criticised the caste system, they could hardly make a dent in it. A tacit agreement was arrived at the in the course of time. The criticism of the caste system by saints did not, with some notable exceptions, extend to day to day or secular life , while the Brahmans acquiesced in the advocacy of the path of devotion as the way for salvation for all castes, specially for the sudras. However, the Brahmans continued to claim a privileged position for themselves, including the exclusive right to preach and educate. The Bhakti and Sufi saints gradually brought about a better understanding of the fundamental tenets of Hinduism and Islam underlining the fact that they had a great deal of similarity. This resulted in a greater spirit of mutual harmony and toleration, although forces advocating a narrow, intolerant approach continued to be strongly entrenched and sometimes influenced state police. But such occasions were, on the whole, very few. The Bhakti and Sufi saints also brought about important changes in the approach to religion, laying greater emphasis on true faith than to the formal observances they also contributed to the growth of regional languages and literature. But the excessive concern with religious and spiritual affairs resulted in setback to the growth of rational sciences, epically to the cultivation of science and technology. While the Portuguese monopoly of some of the oriental trade and their domination of seas had, on the whole a harmful effect on Indian trade and commerce, the Dutch and English traders who broke the Portuguese monopoly, helped to open the European markets for Indian products such as textiles, indigo, and salt petre which were not exported to Europe earlier. Thus, India was linked more closely to the rapidly expanding European market. However in the absence of strong navy and a well developed mercantile fleet, the Indian trader and producer could secure only a marginal share of the profits of this new trade. On the other hand, the richness of the oriental trade further whetted the appetite of the European nation and quickened their economic and technological growth. Under the Mughals, political integration was accompanied by a deliberated effort to create a unified ruling class consisting of Muslims and Hindus. The development in various fields in India during this period should not be lost sight of the growth of political integration. Indian society was one of the few societies in the world which was able to develop a more or less unified culture despite differences in race, religion and language. This unified culture was reflected in an outburst of creative activity which makes the 17th century a second classical age. In the south, the traditions of the Cholas were continued by the Vijayanagra kingdom. The Bahmni kingdom and its successor states also contributed to culture developments in various fields. The rich cultural developments in the various regional kingdoms during the 15th century were, to some extent integrated in the new cultural forms developed by the Mughals. However, this integrated culture came under pressure from the religious dogmatists of the two faiths as well as from the competing and conflicting interests of various sections in the ruling classes. But that it survived, on the whole till the middle of the 19th century is no mean tribute to all those saints, scholars and enlightened rulers who helped to fashion it. The period was also marked by economic developments and growth. Trade and manufactures expanded and there was expansion and improvement of cultivation also. However, the growth was uneven in different areas and during different phases. Apart from the Ganga valley where the Mughals spent a substantial part of the revenue resources of the empire the areas which developed rapidly during the 17th century were Gujarat, the Coromandal coast and Bengal. Perhaps, it is no accident that these have been the areas in the forefront of economic developments of India in the modern period, particularly the post independence era. Would India have continued to progress economically and even attained Industrial Revolution on its own, if the Mughal Empire had continued? The question is too speculative. Perhaps the Mughal Empire had already reached the limit of its development. The feudal aristocratic nature of the state and the neglect of science and technology by the ruling class were already placing limits to the economic developments of the country. But whether India was able to develop faster and in a more harmonious manner under the British rule is a question which will be explained in the subsequent volume on modern India.

Sartre and the Meaning of Human Existence Essay -- Sartres Existentia

Where the Meaning of Human Existence is Located According to Sartre The word philosophy comes from Greek and literally means "love of wisdom." The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines philosophy as "a critical study of fundamental beliefs and the grounds for them." Both explanations of philosophy are correct and concrete. The meaning of human existence has no such concrete answer, but in this paper we will examine where Sartre believes it to be. Sartre's existentialism is a philosophy, which deals with man. It states that man is that which he makes of himself and that he has to make his own choices in a state of anguish. Man chooses in anguish, because he has no external guidelines to help him and must rely on his own morals and beliefs. Man chooses completely want he wants to do. His existence depends on this. And this is where I believe Sartre locates the meaning to mans' existence. According to Sartre mans' existence only takes on meaning through his actions. The Sartrian existentialist finds it extremely troubling that God does not exist because with Him vanishes all hope of finding values in an intelligible heaven. "As Dostoevsky once said, "If God did not exist, then everything would be permitted."(pg 22) Sartre claims this to be the existentialist starting point. This is the reason that Sartre talks about anguish, because "one cannot find anything to depend upon either within or outside himself." It must necessarily follow that man is to be forlorn; he can't find anything to depend upon either internally or externally. He therefore lacks excuses. We cannot explain our actions in terms of or in reference to..."given and specific human nature." (pg 23) This rules out of the possibility of predetermination. "... ...ialism is that one must first make a choice and then act upon the commitment, according to the formula that Sartre provides us with. For the existentialist, hope is a passion that gets him nowhere. He must face life in his abandoned state, with courage and self-affirmation. Sartre's existentialism is unique in its individualistic outlook, its detachment, its lack of reliance of an outer code to manage behavior, and its emphasis on man's self-reliance. Existentialism, as exemplified in the work of Sartre, deals with fundamental issues of life and how he finds mans' existence within the choices and actions that define him. Since Sartre believes that there is no transcendent this theory causes man to be alone. Man has only himself to fall back on. Man makes his own future through the actions that he makes. This is where man is defined, and his existence finds meaning.

Public Police and Private Security

The public police industry has never had a close relationship with the private security profession. Public police officers have typically viewed private security as â€Å"law enforcement wanna-bes† (p. 247, Clifford, 2004). Private security is viewed this way because the training requirements are different and in many ways less extensive than what is required of public police officers (Australian Institute of Criminology, 1998). This has been a controversial issue in the past but in recent years has been changing for the better.Private and public security agencies have begun to bridge the gaps between the two industries. Private security professionals have been given a bad reputation in the past because of the many abuses of power and the misunderstandings of the main goals of private security. Take for example, Allan Pinkerton started his own security firm in the 1800s and was not very well liked by many for the program he devised to protect railroad companies from internal t hreats (Clifford, 2004). Many people thought he and his company were out to get them which brought about negative feelings toward him.This very same feeling that security companies are out to get people is still alive today and some security professionals are even less respected today. Many people view private security in a negative light because they believe them to be minimum wage help and uneducated. This feeling toward private security has led to stereotypes in which they are called â€Å"Rent-a-Cops† and other derogatory names. Currently, many individuals are working to change the negative image that is associated with private security.Police officers also have been given a bad reputation because of the actions of some people who have been on-the-job in the past. Many law suits and uprisings have been a result of the American people’s inability to trust and their dislike of police officers. However, like the security industry, they too, are working to make the ind ustry more professional and regain the trust of the people. There has been an increase in the training as well as the policies and procedure which police officers must follow while performing their duties in order to protect the communities and the constitutional rights of each individual.The two industries have made few attempts to integrate in the past but this fact is changing (Gunter & Kidwell, 2004). There has been a shift toward increasing public and private security cooperation and abilities to work together in recent years which has been increasing the level of safety that both industries have been able to provide. The private security industry has almost unlimited funding has made available resources for new technology which it has begun to share with law enforcement to increase the efficiency of both operations.One example is Bank of America and their security professionals working with government agencies to provide information and resources regarding identity theft inclu ding strategies and training to detect and prevent this crime from happening (White, 2008). Another example, Target has built its own crime labs in an effort to thwart crime against their company which have also made available to local police agencies to aid in the investigation of crime (International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2012).These cooperative efforts are helping to prevent crime as well as bringing the two industries together for a common goal. Public and private policing agencies, however, have different objectives and liabilities in mind with respect to their duties (Li, 2009). Public policing has the safety and security of the public and property in an entire jurisdiction in mind (Li, 2009). They are not focused on just one property in general but all properties and individuals in that particular jurisdiction.Private security on the other hand, is only concerned with the property or area they contracted to protect. The often look out for the interests of the peopl e or businesses that employ them and must remain profitable businesses themselves (Clifford, 2004). Public police are employed by the government and must uphold the Constitution and funding is done with taxpayer money. They have many restrictions which have been derived from the Constitution and they must strictly adhere to the document (Clifford, 2004).Private security companies are not governed by the constitution and are afforded more freedoms when it comes to their policies and procedures (Clifford, 2004). Also, the personnel who employed by the private security industry are not nearly as liable for their actions as public police officers. Public police officers can actually be sued directly for violations of an individual’s constitutional rights. These differences and others have been the differences that have divided the public and private security industry for years. A good cooperative relationship is what the public and private security industry needs.I believe this m ay begin to be achieved by more government regulation on private security companies as far as employee training and education. Many private security firms do not pay their employees well, they do not train them well, and they hire low class individuals. This must stop if the two industries will ever fully be cooperative. Likewise, public policing agencies must work toward involving private security companies in the safety of the community on a regular basis. More interaction between both industries will help develop a relationship of mutual respect between officers and agencies.

Monkeys and how we judge mental illness Essay

In the movie 12 Monkeys there features a virus which was deliberately released in 1996 and killed more than five billion people. The survivors seek refuge into the underground. The refugees send volunteers to bring insect specimens from the universe to test for the virus presence. One of the sent prisoners is James Cole. He is sent for a mission into the past to collect information about the virus. He arrives in Baltimore in 1990, instead of 1996. Cole begins to recall the past events as if he was in a dream. For instance, he recalls an event when he witnessed a man killed at the airport while he was a child. Cole seems to have mental problem. That is the theme of the movie (Lynette, 3). In the movie, the issue of mental illness is brought out vividly. The definition of mental illness in regard to the social norms and beliefs is brought out clearly. Also, the Cole’s experience and how it relates to Plato’s allegory of the cave is highlighted. In this film, mental illness is featured several times. For instance, Jose mentions that the so called volunteers are said to go mad. This presents a clear case of mental illness in the movie. We also notice Cole getting locked up in the mental institution with other lunatics. That shows that there were many other lunatics present. Goines is definitely crazy or schizoid because of his hallucinating and grandiosity nature. Dr. Railly, the psychiatrist alludes that maybe the whole world may be insane. We really do not understand whether Cole was really from the future or he was ‘mentally divergent’. We notice Cole questioning his mental capabilities when he asks himself if it could not be great if he was crazy. Simultaneously, the Dr. is convinced that he is from the figure of which we know that this cannot be right (Lynette, 8). If he was really sane and from the furfure, then how can one explain the voice that he hears, the one he calls bum calling him Bob? What about th e changing guard faces? Again, what about the fact that he is never seen coming or leaving and his memory lapses? We really cannot know the physical divergence he claims to have because one cannot explain his foreknowledge about the boy in the well. It is also to explain his appearances in a World War One photo and the bullet in his leg. In short, this movie seems to be implying that we may not be mentally ill or weirder than the world we live. Relative to the social beliefs and norms, mental illness or abnormality can be seen as not being an exact process as it tends to focus on different individuals with different lines of thinking. This relies on different situations, behaviors and context to which the measure is applied (Weinberger, 2001). In defining abnormality, people from different societies and countries have varied ideas. Each and every culture has its own concepts of what it considers to be normal or abnormal. This can make us conclude that what is considered abnormal in one society is not the same in other societies. So, there is no society which is more superior to the other in their perception of mental illness or one society has got many mental disorders than the other (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). If we look at the deviation from the norms, something or somebody can be considered abnormal if he or she does not conform to what could be considered statistically normal. Those who focus on this explanation consider specific aspects such as the intelligence quotient (IQ), the personal traits and their distribution. Asserting that a person is abnormal in this aspect typically means that they deviate from the numeric average of a specific trait and behavior patterns. The other mostly applied aspect in examining the mental illness of people is the deviation from the social norms. Naturally, some behaviors are considered unaccepted in the society, but they can still be expected to be applied in certain situations. Majority of people know how to adjust and come along with these changes (Weinberger, 2001). The ones that contradict what is socially normal are taken as abnormal or mentally ill to the extreme. Also, a person is considered abnormal if he/she is not functioning correctly in that he or she may lack a full range of emotion and feelings and, therefore, his life is considered abnormal. Such people can only participate in a limited range of functioning lifestyle (American Psychiatric Association. 2000). Distress can also be used to gauge the mental illness and capability of people as it could be an underlying mental problem. Another aspect of the social norms definition of mental illness is the person’s association with others. If a person’s relationship with others causes them discomfort, then, the approach of the person may lead to the description of abnormality in the context of that relationship. The Cole’s experiences relate to the Plato’s’ allegatory of the cave’ with respect to allegations that the real world may not be what our senses reveal. In relation to the Cole’s experience, we see him moving from one world of the past to the furfure and vice versa. In real this could only be a dream or mere imaginations. In this case, Cole’s experiences could be reflecting Plato’s thoughts or allegations. In his Dialogue with Glaucon, we are not sure of the cave which he was referring to. It could either be the underground that the people had escaped to after the virus struck the universe or the prison where Cole was imprisoned. Cole imagines that the prisoners could think that the sounds they had heard were really coming from the shadows. Surprisingly, that imagination coincides with his seeing the changing face of the guard and that of omnipresence. His concepts on the shadows could reflect Cole’s switching from one world to another. Was what he saw from the 1990 world true or could it be his experience from the 1996 and 2035? Which was the truer experience? On the last part of their discussion with Glaucon, he tells him that they, meaning the government, cannot show any gratitude for the culture which they have never received. This could be reflecting the 12 monkeys who had released the virus that almost eliminated the human race according to the film. He said that with education on how to tackle issues, one will be able to defeat these ill minded people. That notion reflects Cole’s endeavors. References Roger Ebert (1996-01-05). â€Å"12 Monkeys†. Chicago Sun-TimesLynette Rice (August 26, 2013). † 12 monkeys pilot†. Entertainment Weekly James Berardinelli. â€Å"Twelve Monkeys†. Reviews Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences Education, National Research Council. 2000. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Weinberger, D., Torrey, E.F., and Berman, K. 2001. Schizophrenia PET scans. Retrieved July 13, 2008 American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition The Allegory of the Cave http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/allegory.html Source document

Business Strategies For A Media Company

Business Strategies For A Media Company Business strategies and opportunities in the global T.V. industry for Aston Media Ltd S.U. Business Consultants.Report author: Sapheer Ullah(Bsc hons.) Date of submission: Table of contents: Summary Introduction Summary The objective of this report is to select a generic strategy most suited to Aston Media. In order to develop such a strategy we need to develop a concise analysis of the company in question and the environment it operates in. It is questioned whether the next step for the company in question is to diversify and enter into new markets.Findings are divided under the headings: The generic strategy chosen as most appropriate for Aston Media is outlined, followed by the appropriate justification of the choice. A generic strategy is also identified should Aston Media decide to enter the niche market. The three general generic strategies that will be considered are cost leadership, differentiation and focus/niche.Introduction Since its inception, television broadcasting has been a class example of a "‹ÂÅ"public good' with a distinctive financial sector and special regulatory arrangements.English: Porter Generic StrategiesFor many years the industry was characterised by stable nationally-bound spheres of activity that were clearly circumscribed by regulation, markets that tended towards the oligopolistic, processes that were rooted in well-established technologies, strong organisational cultures derived from the confluence of a variety of professional, national and individual influences, and audiences who clearly understood their role in the broadcasting process.However starting in the late 80's a series of tremors, including market liberalisation, the introduction of new transmission technologies, and changing social attitudes, triggered the beginnings of an industry restructuring.As in practically every other industry, demographic changes, new technology, evolving financial structures and globalisation are creating chaos and forging new trends in the entertainment and media business. HDTV, DSB, cellular cable TV, fiber optics, cable modems, DVD""there will...

Factors that Affect Job Performance Research Paper

Factors that Affect Job Performance - Research Paper Example Factors affecting employee performance include internal factors and can easily be controlled by the management, while the external factors happen outside the organization but affect the organization in one way or another. Exemplary performance by employees is attributed to positive factors that include conducive work environment, effective and efficient skills, proper management team and encouragement among others. In every organization, there exists positive and negative factor, both of which contribute to performance of employees. Positive factors can be maintained within the organization and improved, whereas the management can eradicate negative factors. II. Managerial Standards In an organization, the management team is charged with the responsibility of ensuring proper allocation of resources and tasks to achieve goals and objectives of the organization (Spector, 2008). The managerial team within the organization controls particular sections or departments within the organizati on. As the head of a department or a section, the manager implements short term objectives and strategies to help him or her achieve overall goals of the organization. While executing these functions, they encounter various barriers along the way. The quality of managerial standards is defined by the ability of the management team to overcome these challenges while at the same time ensuring conducive work environment to employees (p. 115). The quality of management influences job performance either positively or negatively depending on various factors. For instance duties assigned to employees on the basis of their skills and knowledge leads to positive results, hence good performance. On the contrary, managers may assign jobs to employees regardless of their academic qualification and too many and high expectations (p. 115). Assigning tasks to employees not in line with their academic qualifications, skills and experience leads to stress leading to poor performance. Too many and hi gh expectations tend to cause panic and stress among employees, hence poor performance. This not only serves as frustration to the management but also demoralizes employees, hence further decline in the performance of the overall organization (p. 116). III. Motivation Motivation depicts measures that the organization can implement to improve employees’ morale in performing their duties. There exists various forms of motivation that when implemented by the management, can help boost and improve job performance. Motivated employees feel part of the organization as their contribution is counted as a significant portion towards the organization’s success. In organization where employees are not given any form of motivation, there are delays in all departments among other fouls resulting to poor job performance. These employees feel excluded and undervalued as there are no incentives given for them to work hard (p. 114). IV. Conducive Environment A favorable work environmen t entails provision of suitable conditions within the organization. The management should work towards provision of acceptable working conditions that allow employees carry out their duties effectively (p. 118). For instance, each job should be allocated to enough time and employees provided with the right king of equipment to help them accomplish various tasks assigned. The management should take correctional measures to provide employees with an environment that is free from

Management and leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management and leadership - Research Paper Example People, religion and languages Mixture of indigenous South Pacific tribes, Asian (Chinese primarily), African, French, Spanish, and number of Americans, all are found on the land. Indigenous 50% and rest can be divided into Christian, Buddhist, and Islamist in terms of religion on the land. Indigenous languages as well as English, Spanish, and French, all are used. Threats There are a number of natural and unnatural threats associated with establishment of a business in Kava such as tidal waves/tsunami, typhoons/Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, HIV/AIDS, petroleum spill, high risk for avian flu and terrorism, from within and outside the country. Strengths There are various strengthening points while considering a business expansion program at Kava. Governmental service such as local, state and national level including the military are available. The organization will be community-based organization. Faith based groups are also available. Economy enriched with Petroleum, coffee, cocoa, spices, bananas, sugar, tourism, fishing, and natural gas all are present. In addition to all, cheap quality laborers can also be found. Strong government support and indirect support of a bunch of organizations is also at hand. Problem Analysis and Proposed Solutions to the Decisions Made Kava has recently been affected by a string of natural disasters. This state of affairs left the people in the lurch and the country’s economy is in a state of shamble. The feasibility study conducted for a greater presence at Kava identified issues associated with the country and how aforesaid company, its key stakeholders and the country of Kava would be benefited. The report suggested decision-making business techniques and tools available on the Chevron Project Development and Execution Process web site for the promotion of their business. The tools and methods used potential business analysis based on SWOT. The report includes extreme structural, environmental, and economic damages by so many natural calamities. Further, there is a great potential for repeated natural disasters like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunami. There are multiple ethnic groups, religious groups, different languages, ineffective communication and lack of cooperation by the citizens, providing potential threats for terrorist attacks in and outside the country. Last but not the least, since half of the population of Kava comprised of teenagers, hence, Chevron may face shortage of skilled and unskilled laborers and lack of available engineers and scientists on the island minimize the chances of business to grow until and unless mentioned issues are addressed. The thorough study based on the SWOT analysis techniques indicates that an idea of establishing and flourishing business in an island where environment for the business is not conducive firstly due to array of disasters that comes to surface the other day is not likeable. Second and foremos t thing to carry out business in the above-mentioned island is the law and order situation of that country. In that, particular country threats of inside and outside attacks are likeable. Problem formulation comes with a number of tools and techniques that can be employed for finding solutions (Flood & Jackson, 1991). In terms of problem formulation, the key steps that will be taken for finding appropriate solution is through the usage of flowcharts,